多梯度氮磷添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量与氮磷含量的影响

为研究不同梯度氮、磷单独及混合添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量、植物养分含量及化学计量比的影响,本实验分析了青海省门源县典型高寒草甸植物群落地上总生物量,功能群水平地上生物量,植物全氮、全磷含量及氮磷比对多梯度氮、磷添加的响应情况。结果表明：氮、磷添加均对群落地上生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮添加对禾草类和豆科生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);磷添加对禾草类和莎草类生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮磷交互作用对豆科和莎草类生物量影响显著(P<0.05)。群落水平上,氮添加显著提高了植物全氮含量,对植物氮磷比(N∶P)有正效应,磷添加显著提高了植物全磷含量,对植物N∶P有负效应,植物全磷对N∶P的负效应大于全氮对N∶P的正效应。本研究表明氮、磷添加可能会使高寒草甸植物群落组成和植物养分含量发生改变,植物群落逐渐向禾草类发展;此外,高寒草甸植物生长趋向于受氮磷共同限制。     

Disseminated lymphoma with large granular lymphocyte morphology diagnosed in a horse via abdominal fluid and transtracheal wash cytology

A 22‐year‐old Tennessee Walking Horse mare was presented to the Auburn University Large Animal Teaching Hospital with a 3‐day history of lethargy, anorexia, and mild signs of colic. The mare had a several‐month history of weight loss and refractory cough. Physical examination revealed an increased respiratory rate, and crackles and wheezes were heard on thoracic auscultation. Thoracic ultrasonographic examination showed disseminated, minor, bilateral comet tail‐like lesions on the parietal pleural surfaces. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination was unremarkable. Trans‐rectal palpation revealed a firm small colon impaction with concomitant diarrhea. Laboratory data were characterized by a very pronounced acute inflammatory leukogram with severe neutropenia and significant left shift, evidence of hepatocellular damage/necrosis, cholestasis, and possibly mixed metabolic alkalosis and acidosis. On cytologic evaluation of a peritoneal fluid sample, there were many large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Large numbers of LGL were also observed on cytologic examination of a subsequent transtracheal wash. The final cytologic interpretation was disseminated lymphoma with LGL morphology. Due to worsening of the clinical signs and poor prognosis, the mare was euthanized. On necropsy and in histopathologic examination, disseminated lymphoma with LGL morphology was noted in a mesenteric lymph node, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and right dorsal colon. Lymphoma with LGL morphology is rarely diagnosed in the horse. This report provides unique cytologic findings of a case of disseminated lymphoma with LGL morphology in a horse, confirmed with histopathologic evaluation.     

玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加不同植酸酶对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质及钙磷代谢的影响

选取720只24周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为8个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8个处理分别为正对照组(PC)饲喂有效磷为0.36%的正常基础日粮,负对照组(NC)饲喂有效磷为0.16%的低磷日粮,其余试验组是在NC组日粮基础上分别添加两种植酸酶A或B各125、250、500 U/kg。其中植酸酶A是从大肠杆菌中提取,植酸酶B是从里氏木霉中提取。试验期为12周。结果表明:与PC组比较,NC和B500组产蛋率、平均蛋重和日采食量显著降低(P0.05),其他各添加植酸酶组恢复到PC组水平,各添加植酸酶组料蛋比和蛋品质无显著变化(P0.05);与PC组相比,NC组胫骨灰分、胫骨磷和血浆磷含量显著降低(P0.05),添加2种植酸酶组(除B500组外)恢复到PC组水平,B500组血浆磷含量显著低于PC组(P0.05),各试验组胫骨钙含量和血浆钙含量与PC组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示,低磷玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加2种植酸酶都能够缓解低磷引起的负效应,但2种植酸酶的最佳添加量不同,本试验条件下日粮中添加125 U/kg的植酸酶B或250 U/kg的植酸酶A都能满足蛋鸡对无机磷的需求。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

Detection and classification of Lepeophterius salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) using underwater hyperspectral imaging

Salmon louse, or sea lice, (Lepoptherius salmonis) represents practical, economical and fish welfare challenges for salmon farming (Hamre et al., 2013) and for the free-living stocks of salmon. There is an urgent need in the industry for a system that provides reliable numbers of louse on farmed salmon. Underwater hyperspectral imaging represents a potential new technique for louse counting in sea cages. In laboratory studies, the UHI technology could detect and classify pre-adults (pre-adult I and II), adult males and adult females (ovigerous) of sea lice based on the difference in their spectral characteristics. A model was built for detection of lice on the salmon and the UHI had a detection success ranging from 67 to 100 % with an average of 82%. A classification of the detected lice was performed for pre-adults, adult males and ovigerous lice and had a prediction accuracy of 85% when lice were divided into three groups (pre-adults, adult male and ovigerous lice) and 93% when lice were divided in two groups, ovigerous lice and all the other mobile lice (pre-adults and adult male). An automatic procedure for in situ measurements of louse infected salmon could deliver a data basis several times higher than the traditional counting system. The next generation of UHI louse detector should be developed with a higher spatial resolution to be able to detect also the sessile stages of lice. For succeeding with in situ classification of L. salmonis, correction algorithms to compensate for the impact of water between the UHI and lice need also to be developed.     

适雨灌溉下不同施肥模式对机插稻稻田水环境及产量的影响

【目的】探讨江汉平原地区适雨灌溉条件下不同施肥模式对机插稻稻田水环境及水稻生长的影响,为当地机插稻水肥管理措施的改善提供理论和数据支撑。【方法】采用田间小区试验,研究了适雨灌溉条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、70%控释掺混肥+30%尿素(70%CRF+30%N)和有机无机复混肥(OIF)对稻田降雨利用率、田面水氮磷质量浓度的动态变化与径流流失量、干物质积累及水稻产量的影响。【结果】适雨灌溉下,返青期、分蘖期、拔节孕穗期和灌浆成熟期的降雨利用率分别为17.5%、100%、100%和84.2%;基肥和分蘖肥施用过后,FFP、70%CRF+30%N和OIF处理田面水TN、NH4+-N和TP质量浓度迅速提高,在第1天达到峰值,水稻移栽后30 d内70%CRF+30%N处理田面水TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均质量浓度较FFP处理分别降低40.4%、47.4%和0.5%;稻田氮磷径流流失量的90%左右在返青期,10%左右在灌浆成熟期,70%CRF+30%N处理TN、NH4+-N和TP径流损失量较FFP处理分别降低31.4%、30.9%、1.9%;70%CRF+30%N处理在返青期干物质积累量显著低于FFP和OIF处理,移栽-返青期阶段干物质积累量占总积累量比例表现为FFP处理>OIF处理>70%CRF+30%N处理,成熟期OIF处理干物质积累量显著高于70%CRF+30%N和FFP处理,实际产量表现为OIF处理>70%CRF+30%N处理>FFP处理。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下,70%CRF+30%N处理有助于减少稻田氮素流失,OIF处理有助于机插稻干物质积累与产量的增加。     

猕猴桃外观尺寸在线检测分级系统设计与试验

目前市场上存在的猕猴桃分级机械主要是针对质量特征进行分级的大型机械,而消费者在购买猕猴桃时往往更注重它的外观品质,且大型设备难以在以农户小规模营销为主的市场环境下得到普及。为了实现猕猴桃外观品质的自动分选,适应广大猕猴桃种植农户的需求,设计了一种基于机器视觉的小型移动式猕猴桃外观尺寸在线检测与分级系统。该系统主要由输送机构、检测机构、分级执行机构和控制系统组成。输送机构采用倾斜式输送带方案,结构简单,便于实现猕猴桃的输送和分级;检测机构采用图像处理的方法得出猕猴桃的大小等级信息;分级执行机构借助猕猴桃的重力与旋转磁铁的开合实现猕猴桃的分离。对样机进行了试制和验证试验,结果表明:该系统的平均分级成功率为96.3%,单个猕猴桃分级时间约为2.5s。该猕猴桃检测分级系统的设计为今后完成多特征指标的融合分级提供了基础和依据。     

水肥耦合条件下小麦田根系层土壤总磷迁移特征

以小麦为研究对象,通过田间小区试验对生育期内水肥耦合条件下小麦根系层(0~100 cm)总磷浓度迁移过程的监测,系统分析了不同灌水量(高水7.6 mm、低水6.1 mm)及不同施肥量下(高肥125 kg/hm~2、低肥75 kg/hm~2)总磷在根系层的迁移转化规律。